Minot State University Admissions ACT Scores, Costs...

Five Theories on the Origins of Language

What was the first language? How did language begin—where and when? Until recently, a sensible linguist would likely respond to such questions with a shrug and a sigh. As Bernard Campbell states flatly in Humankind Emerging (Allyn Bacon, 2005), We simply do not know, and never will, how or when language began. Its hard to imagine a cultural phenomenon thats more important than the development of language. And yet no human attribute offers less conclusive evidence regarding its origins. The mystery, says Christine Kenneally in her book The First Word, lies in the nature of the spoken word: For all its power to wound and seduce, speech is our most ephemeral creation; it is little more than air. It exits the body as a series of puffs and dissipates quickly into the atmosphere... There are no verbs preserved in amber, no ossified nouns, and no prehistorical shrieks forever spread-eagled in the lava that took them by surprise. The absence of such evidence certainly hasnt discouraged speculation about the origins of language. Over the centuries, many theories have been put forward—and just about all of them have been challenged, discounted, and often ridiculed. Each theory accounts for only a small part of what we know about language. Here, identified by their disparaging nicknames, are five of the oldest and most common theories of how language began. The Bow-Wow Theory According to this theory, language began when our ancestors started imitating the natural sounds around them. The first speech was onomatopoeic—marked by echoic words such as moo, meow, splash, cuckoo, and bang.   Whats wrong with this theory?Relatively few words are onomatopoeic, and these words vary from one language to another. For instance, a dogs bark is heard as au au in Brazil, ham ham in Albania, and wang, wang in China. In addition, many onomatopoeic words are of recent origin, and not all are derived from natural sounds. The Ding-Dong Theory This theory, favored by Plato and Pythagoras, maintains that speech arose in response to the essential qualities of objects in the environment. The original sounds people made were supposedly in harmony with the world around them. Whats wrong with this theory?Apart from some rare instances of sound symbolism, theres no persuasive evidence, in any language, of an innate connection between sound and meaning. The La-La Theory The Danish linguist Otto Jespersen suggested that language may have developed from sounds associated with love, play, and (especially) song. Whats wrong with this theory?As David Crystal notes in How Language Works (Penguin, 2005), this theory still fails to account for the gap between the emotional and the rational aspects of speech expression. The Pooh-Pooh Theory This theory holds that speech began with interjections—spontaneous cries of pain (Ouch!), surprise (Oh!), and other emotions (Yabba dabba do!). Whats wrong with this theory?No language contains very many interjections, and, Crystal points out, the clicks, intakes of breath, and other noises which are used in this way bear little relationship to the vowels and consonants found in phonology. The Yo-He-Ho Theory According to this theory, language evolved from the grunts, groans, and snorts evoked by heavy physical labor. Whats wrong with this theory?Though this notion may account for some of the rhythmic features of the language, it doesnt go very far in explaining where words come from. As Peter Farb says in Word Play: What Happens When People Talk (Vintage, 1993): All these speculations have serious flaws, and none can withstand the close scrutiny of present knowledge about the structure of language and about the evolution of our species. But does this mean that all questions about the origin of language are unanswerable? Not necessarily. Over the past 20 years, scholars from such diverse fields as genetics, anthropology, and cognitive science have been engaged, as Kenneally says, in a cross-discipline, multidimensional treasure hunt to find out how language began. It is, she says, the hardest problem in science today. In a future article, well consider more recent theories about the origins and development of language—what William James called the most imperfect and expensive means yet discovered for communicating a thought.

American History And Literature The Roaring Twenties,...

The early 1900’s (between 1914 and 1945) were an interesting time in both American history and literature. Considering that events such as WWI, the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and WWII had formidable impacts on many people who lived during those parts of the early 20th century; it would be apropos to assume that many writers of that time had major influences in their writing styles out of the various events that occurred during those times. One popular literary movement during this time, however, was modernism; best depicted as a rejection of prior literary trends (mostly realism) that tried to identify the truths that lie within the fractured world that writers lived in; as well as a rejection of past ideals in literary design (Byam 1847). As a result, many writers and poets held different interpretations towards their works, which led to various impacts on the modernist movement. One such writer that helped define the American modernist era was E.E Cummings; with his own personal background, the topics of his poems, and the techniques he ; he was one of the most notable modernist poets and an influential figure of the modernist era. To briefly describe E.E. Cumming’s life; he was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on October 14, 1849 to a traditional Harvard family (Byam 2136). He had graduated from Harvard in 1916 with a Masters in Arts; he used his experiences at Harvard to help define himself as an aspiring poet (Byam 2136). Shortly afterwards, he ended upShow MoreRelatedThe Global War to the Great Depression627 Words   |  2 PagesAmerica, it seemed, desired no part in this scramble for order, turning its back to the international world. Through the Great War to the Great Depression, the transforming world not only caused America to withdraw from the world, but also allowed Franklin Delano Roosevelt an opportunity to refine all aspects of American standards and life. Despite only a brief participation in the Great War, a diplomatically satiated America swiftly closed its doors to the international world. However, this was not withoutRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties : A Time Of Economic Prosperity2020 Words   |  9 PagesWhat came to be known as the Roaring Twenties was a time of economic prosperity following the First World War. At the crest of Jazz Age, when traditional norms were tested and culture was displayed through music and literature, American consumerism was at its peak. From Ford’s automobiles to the smallest of household appliances, from houses to stock market bonds, the average American used credit to purchase all of these appliances. However, at the height of this consumerism, the wealth gap amidstRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesESSENTIAL MANAGEMENT SKILLS EXPLAIN A LEARNING MODEL FOR DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS REVIEW THE CONTENTS OF THE BOOK ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   This page intentionally left blank Introduction The Critical Role of Management Skills No one doubts that the twenty-first century will continue to be characterized by chaotic, transformational, rapid-fire change. In fact, almost no sane person is willing to predict what the world will be like 50, 25, or even 15 years from now. Change is just too rapid and ubiquitous

The Congress Of The United States Adopted The Declaration...

The Congress of the united States adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It stated that We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among them are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.-That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. At the turn of the 20th century, many progressives argued against the historical/Revolutionary interpretation of these basic ideas of self-evident truths, natural rights and the social contract theory that governments are created by men by authority of consent of the governed to protect the rights to life, liberty and property. Using new scientific theories and a different view of history, the Progressives attempted to better understand politics and use these new views to explain the need for reform. Political theory emerged as a separate science and way of thinking in the last half of the nineteenth century. It viewed politics and government through a scientific lens. Theories needed to be backed up with observable facts. The Framers of the Constitution based their decisions on the theories upon those in the Enlightenment era, whose ideas were based on reason/philosophical thought. New political theory in the nineteenth century argued that these ideas cannot be proven. Using the scientific method, there needs to be proof.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Thomas Jeffersons Contribution to the Constitution974 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Jeffersons Contribution to the Constitution The purpose of this paper is to give a brief chronological accounting of the writing of the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson. A short description of the structure of the Declaration of Independence will be included. The process was relatively fast, from the formation of the committee. The committee consisted of two New England men, John Adams of Massachusetts and Roger Sherman of Connecticut; two men from the Middle ColoniesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson1603 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, which Congress adopted after revision on July 4th, 1776. It avowed that, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness,† that the government cannot violate. On November 15, 1777 the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation . In other words, this was the original ConstitutionRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injustices’ toward the coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence: Why It Is So Important to Our Country592 Words   |  3 Pagesunalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† - The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most famous documents in the history of the United States of America. It helped the colonists declare independence from Great Britain and King George III. It is one of the documents that has made our country what it is today. Without the Declaration many things would be different. After reading this I hope you are able to see what theseRead MoreThe American Revolution978 Words   |  4 Pagesthirteen colonies through which United States was governed as a British colony. The actual revolution refers to a period through which a political upheaval was experienced, and this was through the period between 1765 and 1785 (Irvin, 5). During this time, Americans rebelled against the aristocratic and monarchies instituted by the British in the thirteen colonies. The rebellion led to the overthrow of the government of Great Britain through which the United States of America was founded. Bad taxationRead MoreGovernmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesJuly 4, 1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed a profoundRead MoreU.s. Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution and the Declaration of Independence are two very important documents in the founding of our nation. This essay compares how these two documents are linked together, but also how they are clearly different. Though both documents were created near the same time, the Declaration of Independence was actually written first. It was written by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by congress on July 4, 1776, what we know today as Independence Day. The U.S constitution though, was not adopted until elevenRead MoreDeclaration of Independence Docent Script Essay722 Words   |  3 Pagestour, which exhibits The Declaration of IndependenceÂâ€"the most cherished document of United States of America . Follow me please. Now does anyone know the date when the document was adopted. (Wait for responses) That is correct; the document was officially adopted on July 4, 1776. The document was formally entitled, The unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen united States of America , and was primarily written by Thomas Jefferson. If you notice on the placard, the word united in the document does notRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence By Thomas Jefferson1003 Words   |  5 PagesJuly of 1776, the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania adopted the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson was the author of The Declaration of Independence, the document that stated the reasons that lead up to why the British colonies of North America wanted an searched for independence. It was then that it was adopted by the Second Continental Congress. June of 1776, the presentment of the Declaration to the continental Congress committee took place after many series of debatesRead MoreImportance Of The Dec laration Of Independence707 Words   |  3 PagesThe Declaration of Independence was written in 1776 and its purpose was to declare America colonies be free and independent from Great Britain, get other colonists on board, and to encourage other nations to help them withdraw from the British. The first draft was of Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson and then edit by Franklin and Adams and on July 4 the Declaration had been officially adopted by Committee of Five. In the draft Thomas Jefferson was trying to break connections

The Century of the Self Free Essays

Consumerism is geared in an abundance to address our way of life. We as individuals believe that our minds control choosing what we need but, consumerism caters to the beliefs that specific things are needed to make living easier. This is not a need, but rather a want. We will write a custom essay sample on The Century of the Self or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sigmund Freud developed an understanding that there was a way to trigger this reaction in our way of thinking that we need something rather than want it. Edward Bernays, nephew of Sigmund Freud, introduced this to the United States later; through times of war and times of peace. He proposed the commonly known persuasion method of propaganda. The film The Century of the Self shows that an Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud has found a method for studying the hidden parts of the mind; this method would be known to mankind as Psychoanalysis. By using this method, Mr. Freud discovered that â€Å"powerful sexual and aggressive forces can be unearthed in the human brain.† He would relate this to be the â€Å"remnants of human beings animal past.† With this part of the hidden mind, Freud had unearthed the studying of the unconscious state of mind which is a part of the brain that had never-before been examined. This film shows extraordinary minds using manipulation as a source to expand consumerism across the globe. While Freud developed this practice of examining the mind, Vienna rulers were not at all pleased with this ability. If I were a ruler at this time, I too would have felt the same. This is essentially changing the way of governing for Vienna. At this time, Vienna felt threatened towards their society, as would many other high-class beings, such as rulers. This had been a time in societal righteousness when feelings were not allowed to correlate with actions; in other words, if I felt like I were under payed, then I would not be able to show discomfort. Rulers of Vienna became even more fearful from news of Freuds theory showing that hidden inside all human beings were dangerous instinctual drives. Understanding that there is a change being presented through the study of Sigmund Freud, there is the sense that with these findings, it would not be hard for a way of life to be changed drastically. Edward Bernays is the nephew of Sigmund Freud. In the film The Century of the Self, Edward Bernays is introduced as an average human being with a unique view on society. He seems to take human beings as a group rather than as individuals. With this viewpoint, Bernays can then use this as to an advantage in persuasion. Mass persuasion on a group of individuals is known as propaganda. After the war, Bernays began to ponder on the thought of using persuasion on a mass group of beings, this time being in a more peaceful environment. With this idea, it would seem to be that he would have to alter the mindset of a large group of people. To change the way of thinking of so many people, it would require a unique mind of its own to use a technique that can alter the process of decision making. This shows how powerful Bernays ideas really were. In this new revolution of thinking, Mr. Edward Bernays knew that Propaganda had a more negative connotation, which is why he used what he had already known on the subject and made it into a more positive sounding field: public relations. He had been aware, at that time, of his Uncle Freud’s work on Psychoanalysis. This would give him the missing key to what he needed, which could prove to change the world we knew. For Bernays to make a success in this field, he completely understood the importance of influential figures; this led him to Dr. Brill. Dr. Brill was a known Psychoanalyst who would prove to enlighten Bernays. He aided Bernays on a special subject: women smoking in public. From then on, Edward Bernays exploded in the economic world, representing many other corporations while helping to advertise millions of products essential to what human beings would want. Edward Bernays brought upon society a new way of thinking. He made mass groups of human beings think that what they wanted was something that they needed; if they had this need, then it would also make them feel better about having said substance. This is something that I do not think the consumers of the New World understood at the time. They were basically being controlled into buying these goods that were unnecessary. As imagined, Bernays had then been sought after by major companies to represent them. They would use him to exploit their reservoir of items in which they hoped to be distributed to the masses. These different goods would then prove to be satisfactory to the much less competent consumers. In the film The Century of the Self, Edward Bernays introduced society to one of the most major breakthroughs in history involving the stock market. With the stock market, I feel that he made a source of consumerism all in one. What I mean by that is with this innovation, there is a much different source of income and production. With the stock market, there would be satisfaction, and with this satisfaction he knew that democracies could do whatever they pleased. They would be able to have a better sense of control. With these discoveries by Sigmund Freud, there came the belief that guiding principles of what a mass democracy was were wrong- â€Å"the belief that human beings could be trusted to make decisions on a rational basis,† as well as, â€Å"the need for democracy to be reconsidered.† With this film, Bernays not only shows how people are â€Å"active participants of society†, but he also shows that human beings are more â€Å"passive consumers of society.† This proved that if human beings’ desires were able to be satisfied, then there was no limit as to the objectives achieved by these drives from deep within. The film demonstrates there is an understanding of how resources are used. For the making of the billions of goods in the United States, there are equal amounts of resources used in this production. How can this use of resources have a major effect? This film shows the mass production of goods, in which people are buying, not realizing the cost of this consumption. There are impulses that bring our attention to a large amount of goods, no matter as to what they may be or how they really play a role in our way of life. This film has aroused many details of consumerism, differentiating between what I know and what society knows about the effects of consumerism. The comparison of our minds to enslavement just proved to be baffling. How can the studying of different minds be as negative as enslavement? Perhaps when the strengths of desire take over and lead to action upon that desire, enslavement does become a relating topic. With this comparison, it demonstrates how true desire effects our mindset. This effected mindset does not allow for proper decision making, which means understanding how a specific good is truly beneficial, as well as nonbeneficial. My understanding of democracy was completely different than how explained in this film. See, I have always been taught that democracy is the greatest, and it has been the key to our societal structure. After watching this film, I have begun to question this statement. Democracy is supposed to have citizens making the major decisions with representatives to carry out actions for them, but The Century of the Self shows that in a way, the representatives of the people are in total control, by manipulating the minds of consumers across the United States. They use a form of Propaganda in everything they do, whether it be to make you buy something that you really don’t need or voting for someone you don’t really know. With this film, the stereotypical form of democracy has been turned upside down, shaking all of the secrets loose. The market has proven to be legally cruel to human beings, by using manipulative techniques. Many Corporations only show care towards making a decent profit, rather than what will benefit society. For example, just because a more fuel-efficient car comes out, does not mean it will save the world. Therefore, corporations can be related to democracy, in the sense of false representation. They show themselves as beneficial to society, but they are only representing what is good for them, as well as, what they want; rather than what plays a better role for human beings. I have come to the decision that democracy is a corrupt form of manipulation. Therefore, anyone else feels this is acceptable in society: the reason why major corporations feel the need to use our own human desires against us. Not only against us do they use these desires, but they use them to better themselves rather than modern day society. How to cite The Century of the Self, Papers

Art Society Essay Example For Students

Art Society Essay Art reflects the ideals, interpretations and goals of a society, and society reflects art. A connection made by architecture, sculpture and painting can be seen through the cultures and movements of time. These connections are evident by the influences seen through similarities and the breaking off point of changes and differences. The Ancient Greeks erected temples in honor of gods and goddesses. Built in Athens, Greece, the Acropolis is a collection of temples dedicated to deities such as Nike, Athena and Poseidon. The temple Erechtheion (Stokstad 153) is located to the west of the Parthenon. The Erechtheion was built under Pericles from 430 to 405 BCE. The temple has an asymmetrical plan of a long hall, called a nave in Roman basilicas. The temple has porches located at the North, east and south sides. The porches have slender column with ionic capitals. The South porch is most popular. It is referred to as the Porch of Maidens (Stokstad 154). The porch uses six caryatids to hold up the roof instead of columns. These caryatids have a plain doric capital that hold up the ionic entablature. Each caryatid is in the same naturalistic shape of a womans body. The stance of the body is that of Hellenic statues, weight put on one leg while the other juts out. Interestingly, the three caryatids to the left side have their left leg bent while the caryatids to the right have their right leg bent. This gives the portico a sense of symmetry. The clothing is also very detailed, a characteristic of future Hellenistic sculpture. Cathedrals in Gothic Europe were built for worship and to house religious relics. Notre Dame de Chartres is located in an enormous cathedral located in Northern France. This high gothic cathedral began construction in 1134 CE and would continue to have additions until the 16th century. Notre Dame de Chartres (Stokstad 521) has a central, cruciform plan in the shape of the Latin cross. Unique stained glass and hordes of sculpture. The main entrance is located on the western facade. The main points of interest on this facade are the rose window, towers, spires and the portal. The entrance is known as the Royal Portal. The Royal Portal consists of three doorways each with a tympanum. The columns that hold up the tympanums are highly decorated with sculptures. The sculptures that line the columns are of different Biblical figures. The extremely slender figures were elongated and to fit on the columns. The feet of the reliefs float in the air, as they have no real base. The clothing on their bodies is stiff and does not show identification of gender or body parts. The columns have an extremely ornamented capital. Both the caryatids of the Erechtheion and the column statues of Chartres both depict figures holding up other pieces of architecture. The caryatids, however, are two series of three same statues and the statues of Chartres are each different people from the Bible. The Biblical figures are dressed in long, heavy and stiff robes. These robes do not identify with body parts. The clothing of the caryatids that is draped on the bodies is flowing and loose, but the impressions of each caryatids stomach, breasts, hips, thighs and knees are still evident. The portal columns of Chartres are symmetrical like the caryatids. The stance of the caryatids differ from that of the Chartres reliefs. The reliefs have different stances from the Gothic S-curve to the Greek contraposto stances. The caryatids are all in the same stance. Both are carved from stone. The caryatids are more naturalistic than that of the reliefs. Both buildings were built for religious reasons but for different gods. Prehistoric art is often related to the art of children, based on conception rather than perception. The Venus of Willendorf (Stokstad 4), also called the Women from Willendorf, is a small fetish sculpture from the Upper Paleolithic Era. This statue was found in Austria in 1908. .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf , .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf .postImageUrl , .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf , .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf:hover , .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf:visited , .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf:active { border:0!important; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf:active , .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4a4d07f4ca3211b22fa5b97a5a85fcf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cancer Causing Agent Under Osha RegulationsThe original layer of red orche on the sculpture has been lost over the years. Dating to 22000-21000 BCE, this statue is at a handheld size of four and 3/8 inches tall. The figure is of a completely nude female figure with exaggerated female attributes, while the gender-neutral body parts have been reduced. The composition of this conceptual statue is made up of mainly round shapes. The Venus of Willendorf is missing feet and a face. In place of the face is seven rows of zigzags that are meant to embody her hair. These rows fully go around her head where her face should be. Because there is no face present, the main focus of the statue is the exaggerated female attributes. This led to speculations that the purpose of this figure was to represent a sexual object, not a person. There is also theory that she depicts a goddess of fertility, such as Mother Earth. The Venus de Milo (Stokstad 177) is a late Hellenistic Greek statue, 150-125 BCE, that stands at a height of six foot ten inches. The statue is made of Palian marble. Because she was found in a cavern on the island of Melos, France in 1820, she is also known as Aphrodite of Melos. The statue depicts a partially nude woman with a cloth wrapped around her lower abdomen. The cloth is very intricately detailed and breezy which are both typical characteristics of Hellenistic sculpture. Also, her face projects a melancholy emotion. Her body is very graceful and she has slightly defined muscle structure, hip bones, nipples and collarbone. Her body is twisted and contorted. She portrays beauty and sensuality. The characteristics of this statue give the impression Alexandros of Antioch is the sculptor. Both statues depict females, maybe even goddesses. Venus of Willendorf is made of limestone, whereas the Venus de Milo is made of marble. The Prehistoric Venus and the Greek Venus show the differences in cultural ideals of beauty and purpose. The Venus of Willendorf is extremely heavier than that of a typical woman, good for child rearing, whereas the Venus de Milo has normal proportions, good eye-candy. Greek Venus is more perceptual in the way a woman should look; the Prehistoric Venus is based on the concept of a woman and does not represent any woman in particular, but a generality. The hair of the Prehistoric Venus is implied with rows of zigzags whereas, the hair of the Greek Venus is short, nicely groomed and evident. Both statues are missing arms which were either broke off or never there. Despite their dilemmas, they both remain sexual figures. The Book of the Dead is book is a collection of prayers and instructions on death. During the New Kingdom, a trend of magical scrolls to help deceased loved ones pass Osiris tests was at an all time high. One of these scrolls was done for a man named Hunefer. The Judgment of Hunefer Before Osiris (Stokstad 86) was completed during the 1298 BCE, 19th dynasty. The scroll is fifteen and 5/8 inches long. It is a painted depiction of Hunefer passing the three tests by Osiris before he can have an afterlife. Many Egyptian gods are present on this scroll. Theriomorphic images of half human half animal beings depict the gods. Anubis, Thoth, Maat and Osiris are some of those gods. Osiris is seated atop a throne in the right hand corner. This presents elements of hieratic scaling. All other figures are lower on the plane than Osiris. Egyptian symbols of the lotus bloom, eye of Horus, and ankh are also prevalent throughout the scroll. The Annunciation (Stokstad 543) in the Book of Hours of Jeanne devreux is an illuminated manuscript done in 1328 CE. The manuscript was done in a new style called grisaille, using variations of gray with bouts of color. The images are done in grisaille with red coloring on vellum. The Annunciation depicts a scene of when the archangel Gabriel presents Mary with the knowledge that she is with child. The halo or nimbus around her head signifies sacredness. Marys body is in an awkward position with one hip jutting out and weight on one leg as she holds her robe, that is the typical swaying S-curve. .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 , .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 .postImageUrl , .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 , .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69:hover , .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69:visited , .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69:active { border:0!important; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69:active , .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69 .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3533e31878c3a4255775d8cb6bdb3a69:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Minds Are Open Only When Hearts Are Open Essay PaperThe bas-DE-page at the bottom reflects the game frog in the middle which reflects the Mockery of Christ during his crucifixion. This will show what is to come of Marys child. Both are types of paper highly decorated to tell a story. The Ancient Egyptian uses their typical canon of two feet forward with a twisted body, where the manuscript has the S-curve of Gothic art. Both symbolize new birth, Hunefer into eternal life and Marys conception. Heretical scaling is seen in the Annunciation as Mary with the halo is higher on the plane than Gabriel and all the other figures are very small compared to her. Soirees is the tallest to scale in the Judgment of Hunefer Before Osiris. The Egyptian painting is done on papyrus whereas the Gothic manuscript is done on vellum. The perspective of the Annunciation is one point with a vanishing point. The Egyptian one does not have a vanishing point or any type of perspective. The differences and similarities seen throughout painting, sculpture and architecture show a connection and evolution of art with the changes of the movements and cultures. Art is the universal glue, it is the one thing every culture has in common. After taking this course, I have come to the conclusion that art is what a person, who has practiced and mastered, creates to serve a higher purpose than being pretty. All of the artwork I have discussed has had a purpose and meaning beyond its tangible appearance. The Egyptian scroll might not have been considered art during that time because it was used for magic. The temples of Erechtheion was used for religious ceremonies and the Venus de Milo was meant to honor Aphrodite, a Greek goddess. All traditional art must be mastered and then shown to reflect a society, not an individual.